![]() ^ Moran, M, Jenke J, Burton C, and Clarke D.^ a b c d Froese, Rainer Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2019).The table at right shows the amount of areolate grouper produced by farming between 19 and the amount produced by capture in Saudi Arabia (Indian Ocean) between 19, according to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations References While its popularity for food has led to some species being threatened, currently no threat to the survival of E. Ĭommercial fishing for areolate grouper done with long lines and hand lines. The wild eggs are gathered by a variety of artisanal methods, and because success is not predictable, the production varies as well. This is called capture-based aquaculture (CBA). areolatus, involves the capture of wild grouper eggs which are then grown out in aquaculture. For this reason, about two-thirds of all grouper culture, including culture of E. Full-cycle culture of most grouper species, including the areolate grouper, is not yet possible, although several important advances have been made in recent years. Hong Kong is the primary producer of areolate grouper raised by aquaculture, and about 155 metric tons were produced in 2004. To alleviate the pressure on wild grouper stocks, many nations have promoted aquaculture in the hopes of producing a more sustainable grouper yield. Grouper consistently demands a high market price, so fishing pressure is intense. Also, no control over water temperature, which is known to strongly affect growth rates, is possible. Disadvantages compared to pond culture include vulnerability to external water quality problems and predators. This method is simple, has low capital investment, and uses existing bodies of water, so production can be easily increased or decreased. Floating net cages, the primary culture method, are supported by a floating frame of plastic pipe, wood, or other material, and usually are anchored to the sea floor. The areolate grouper is one of about 16 species of groupers commonly raised using aquaculture. ![]() Areolate grouper feed on fish and benthic (bottom-dwelling) invertebrates, primarily prawns and crabs. Īfter hatching, wild grouper larvae eat copepods and other small zooplankton. Maturity is reached at a fork length of 22 cm (8.7 in), and spawning usually occurs during the months of May, June, October and December. Like other groupers, the areolate grouper is a sex-changing species young are female, and some change to male with maturity. Juveniles are common at water depths to 80 m (260 ft) eggs and early larvae are probably pelagic. ![]() This grouper is usually found in seagrass beds or on fine sediment bottoms near rocky reefs, dead coral, or alcyonarian corals. Recently (2015) a single specimen was reported from the Mediterranean Sea, off Israel. It was recently recorded to have been observed in Tonga, but appears to be absent from areas in the western Indian Ocean. They are found in the Indo-Pacific region from the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf to Natal, South Africa and east to Fiji, north to Japan, south to the Arafura Sea and northern Australia. The areolate grouper is found in the tropical region ranging from 35°N - 33°S, 29☎ - 180☎. It is often confused with the brownspotted grouper ( Epinephelus chlorostigma) found in the Persian Gulf and several other many-spotted species. It has 11 dorsal spines, 15-17 dorsal soft rays, 3 anal spines and 8 anal soft rays. Its coloration is whitish to gray with rounded brownish spots it is particularly identifiable by a narrow, white, straight margin on its truncate tail. The areolate grouper is a large fish (up to 47 cm long, 1.4 kg ) that lives near coral reefs. They currently face no threats to their survival. They are produced through aquaculture and commercially fished. It inhabits coral reefs in the Indo-Pacific region. The areolate grouper ( Epinephelus areolatus), also known as the yellowspotted rockcod, areolate rockcod, green-spotted rock-cod, squaretail grouper or squaretail rock-cod, is a species of marine ray-finned fish, a grouper from the subfamily Epinephelinae which is part of the family Serranidae, which also includes the anthias and sea basses.
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